Document:Novic Orthography
While Novmir uses the English language, it writes it using a system based on the Cyrillic rather than the Latin alphabet. Such writing can be seen in places such as official government documents and the royal coat of arms. Like the Latin English alphabet, this spelling system is based on the pronunciation of the earlier rather than modern English language. As such the values of some letters differ significantly from their usual values in the Cyrillic alphabet. However, this also means that more words can be converted from Latin to Cyrillic one-to-one. This document is intended to give the reader a basic familiarity with the alphabet and how to use it.
Contents
Letters
The Novmir alphabet contains thirty-four individual letters. Most of these represent a single consonant or vowel sound, but some represent a Y-sound followed by a vowel. Like the Latin English alphabet, some letters may have different pronunciations in different contexts. What these contexts are and how they affect pronunciation are discussed in greater detail in the following sections.
The Novmir alphabet is given in its entire in the following chart. The names of letters are given using phonetic spelling according to general English spelling conventions. The Latin column gives the letter's Latin equivalents. If a Latin equivalent contains more than one letter, the Cyrillic letter only replaces them when they are pronounced as a single sound. Instances of equivalence which depend on context are given in this document's footnotes and discussed in greater detail under the section on converting from Latin to Cyrillic. This chart is not intended to be comprehensive, and exceptions to the rules listed here may exist.
| Majuscule | Minuscule | Name | Latin |
|---|---|---|---|
| А | а | /ay/ | <a> |
| Ӕ | ӕ | /hee/ | <ea> |
| Å | å | /oe/ | <o>1, <oa> |
| Б | б | /bee/ | <b> |
| В | в | /vee/ | <v> |
| Г | г | /gee/ | <g>2, <gh>2, <gu> |
| Д | д | /dee/ | <d> |
| Е | е | /yee/ | <e>3, <ye> |
| Ѳ | ѳ | /eth/ | <th> |
| Ж | ж | /jee/ | <dg>, <g>4, <j> |
| З | з | /zee/ | <s>5, <z> |
| И | и | /ie/ | <i>, <y>6 |
| Й | й | /yoe/ | <y>7 |
| К | к | /koe/ | <c>8, <k>, |
| Л | л | /el/ | <l> |
| М | м | /em/ | <m> |
| Н | н | /en/ | <n> |
| Ҥ | ҥ | /eng/ | <ng> |
| О | о | /oo/ | <o>9, <oo> |
| П | п | /pee/ | <p> |
| Р | р | /ar/ | <r> |
| С | с | /es/ | <c>10, <s>10, <t>11 |
| Т | т | /tee/ | <t> |
| У | у | /ow/ | <o>12, <ou>13, <ow>13, <u>12 |
| Ў | ў | /wee/ | <u>7, <w> |
| Ф | ф | /ef/ | <f>, <ph> |
| Х | х | /kay/ | <ch>8, <gh>14 |
| Һ | һ | /hay/ | <h> |
| Ч | ч | /chee/ | <ch>15, <tch> |
| Ш | ш | /shay/ | <ch>11, <sh> |
| Э | э | /ee/ | <e>16 |
| Ю | ю | /yoo/ | <io>, <u>17, <yu> |
| Я | я | /yay/ | <ya> |
| Ԙ | ԙ | /shee/ | <yea> |
Digraphs
In some cases a pair of letters represent a single sound. All of these digraphs have an equivalent in the Latin system of spelling. However, not all Latin digraphs have a Cyrillic equivalent and are written using a single letter instead. These letters and what digraphs they replace are discussed in the previous section. Which Cyrillic digraph is appropriate is in some cases dependent on context. This complication is addressed in the document's footnotes and the section on converting from Latin to Cyrillic. This chart is not necessarily exhaustive, and exceptions may exist.
| Digraph | Latin |
|---|---|
| ай | <ai>, <ay> |
| аў | <au>, <aw> |
| ей | <ei>18, <ey> |
| еў | <eu>, <ew> |
| их | <igh> |
| ой | <oi>, <oy> |
| оў | <ou>1, <ow>1 |
| уй | <ui> |
| ўр | <wr> |
| һў | <wh> |
Converting from Latin to Cyrillic
Long and Short Vowels
Just as in the Latin system of writing, most vowels have both a long and short pronunciation, the choice between the two of which is indicated by surrounding letters. The Cyrillic system uses only single and double consonants to indicate whether a vowel is long or short, as the Latin system does word internally. Silent E's are not used, and should always be dropped when converting to Cyrillic (e.g. "bane" → бан). Conversely, any single consonant following a short vowel should be doubled if it is not (e.g. "ban" → банн), unless it is followed by another consonant which is not a suffix (e.g. "bend" → бенд, not *беннд) or the consonant itself is Ҥ, Ч or Ш, which are never doubled (e.g. "batch" → бач, not *бачч). The long and short values of some vowels are different from what they are in the Latin system. These differences are addressed in the following section.
Chart
The following chart is intended to provide a convenient reference for turning English written in the Latin alphabet into Cyrillic. Any rules with multiple Latin letters only apply when the letters represent a single sound. In the context column gives the conditions under which a certain Latin to Cyrillic conversion is appropriate. Letters in slashes represent a certain pronunciation of the Latin letters. An underscore represent the letters in some context. A capital C in these cases represents a consonant, a V represents a vowel or the start of a word, L long vowel and S a short vowel. Any empty entry indicates all or all other contexts. This chart does not necessarily capture all subtleties of the differences between the Latin and Cyrillic systems, and exceptions may exist.
| Latin | Context | Cyrillic |
|---|---|---|
| <a> | - | <а> |
| <ai> | - | <ай> |
| <au> | - | <аў> |
| <aw> | - | <аў> |
| <ay> | - | <ай> |
| <b> | S_V | <бб> |
| - | <б> | |
| <c> | /s/ | <с> |
| S_V | <кк> | |
| - | <к> | |
| <ch> | /k/ | <х> |
| /sh/ | <ш> | |
| - | <ч> | |
| <ck> | - | <кк> |
| <d> | S_V | <дд> |
| - | <д> | |
| <dg> | - | <жж> |
| <e> | V_ | <э> |
| /.../ | <...> | |
| - | <е> | |
| <ea> | - | <ӕ> |
| <ee> | V_ | <э> |
| - | <е> | |
| <ei> | /ee/ | <е> |
| /ay/ C_ | <ей> | |
| /ay/ V_ | <эй> | |
| <eu> | V_ | <эў> |
| - | <еў> | |
| <ew> | - | <еў> |
| <ey> | - | <ей> |
| <f> | - | <ф> |
| <g> | /j/ | <ж> |
| S_V | <гг> | |
| - | <г> | |
| <gh> | /g/ | <г> |
| - | <х> | |
| <gu> | - | <г> |
| <h> | /.../ | <...> |
| - | <һ> | |
| <i> | - | <и> |
| <ie> | /ee/ | <е> |
| - | <и> | |
| <io> | - | <ю> |
| <j> | - | <ж> |
| <k> | - | <к> |
| <l> | - | <l> |
| <m> | S_V | <мм> |
| - | <м> | |
| <n> | S_V | <нн> |
| - | <н> | |
| <o> | /oe/ | <å> |
| /uh/ _n, _v | <у> | |
| - | <о> | |
| <oa> | - | <å> |
| <oe> | - | <å> |
| <oi> | - | <ой> |
| <oo> | - | <о> |
| <ou> | /oe/ | <оў> |
| - | <у> | |
| <ow> | /oe/ | <оў> |
| - | <у> | |
| <oy> | - | <ой> |
| <p> | S_V | <пп> |
| - | <п> | |
| <ph> | S_V | <фф> |
| - | <ф> | |
| - | <к> | |
| <r> | S_V | <рр> |
| - | <р> | |
| <rh> | - | <р> |
| <s> | /z/ | <з> |
| S_V | <сс> | |
| - | <с> | |
| <sh> | - | <ш> |
| <t> | /sh/ | <с> |
| S_V | <тт> | |
| - | <т> | |
| <tch> | - | <ч> |
| <th> | - | <ѳ> |
| <u> | /uh/ | <у> |
| /w/ | <ў> | |
| - | <ю> | |
| <v> | S_V | <вв> |
| - | <в> | |
| <w> | - | <ў> |
| <wh> | - | <һў> |
| <x> | - | <кс> |
| <y> | /ee/, /ih/ | <и> |
| - | <й> | |
| <ya> | - | <я> |
| <ye> | /ie/ | <и> |
| - | <е> | |
| <yea> | - | <ԙ> |
| <z> | - | <з> |
Notes
- When pronounced /oe/.
- When pronounced /g/.
- After a consonant.
- When pronounced /j/ or /zh/.
- When pronounced /z/ or /zh/.
- When pronounced as vowel.
- When pronounced as consonant.
- When pronounced /k/.
- When pronounced /ah/.
- When pronounced /s/.
- When pronounced /sh/.
- When pronounced /uh/.
- When pronounced /ow/.
- When pronounced /f/.
- When pronounced /ch/.
- At the start of a word or after a vowel.
- When pronounced /yoo/.
- When pronounced /ay/.
